Autistic and ADHD individuals are recognised as a distinct minority group, often experiencing a higher prevalence of co-occurring mental health conditions, including complex trauma. Studies consistently show elevated rates of PTSD, anxiety, depression, substance use, and eating disorders among this population compared to the general population. These mental health challenges are intertwined with developmental experiences, social influences, and ongoing adversity faced across the lifespan. Notably, complex trauma, stemming from chronic and repeated interpersonal victimisation is increasingly recognised as prevalent among Autistic and ADHD individuals, contributing significantly to their mental health burden. Research suggests that up to 70% of autistic adults report experiencing at least one potentially traumatic event in their lifetime, with many meeting criteria for complex PTSD, often linked to social camouflaging and repeated experiences of invalidation.
This presentation explores the role of attachment, unmet needs, adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), and particularly the impact of complex trauma in shaping schema development among Autistic and ADHD individuals. Studies suggest a strong correlation between ACEs, complex trauma and negative mental health outcomes, with autistic individuals being up to five times more likely to experience four or more ACEs, increasing their vulnerability to trauma and subsequent mental health issues. Attachment patterns, impacted by early social and sensory experiences, are also discussed, considering that insecure attachment styles are significantly higher in autistic and ADHD individuals, potentially contributing to relational difficulties and emotional dysregulation.
The presentation also discusses the need for a shift in the narrative surrounding Autism and ADHD within psychotherapy. It advocates for adapting therapeutic approaches, such as Schema Therapy, to address the unique needs of this population, with a particular focus on complex trauma. We will cover specific therapeutic considerations and adjustments required when applying schema therapy, such as addressing sensory sensitivities, accommodating different communication styles, acknowledging the impact of social stigma, and, most importantly, using a trauma-informed approach. Finally, it emphasises the importance of broader societal changes to prevent the formation and reinforcement of maladaptive schemas and complex trauma in Autistic and ADHD individuals throughout their lives, including promoting inclusive education, fostering supportive social environments, and challenging discriminatory practices.