This study explores the human dynamics of complexity, diversity, inclusion, and belonging through the lens of volunteering participation among people with disabilities. Despite growing recognition of volunteering as a pathway to social inclusion, participation rates among people with disabilities remain comparatively low, shaped by structural, attitudinal, and organisational barriers. Research has shown that individuals with disabilities face persistent barriers to participation due to stigma, limited access to inclusive practices, and insufficient managerial support (Kulkarni & Lengnick-Hall, 2011; Stone & Colella, 1996). At the same time, volunteering is widely recognised as a critical mechanism for enhancing wellbeing, identity, and social integration.
Drawing on qualitative data from 15 semi-structured interviews and one focus group with people with disabilities, this study examines motivations, barriers, and benefits of volunteering. Findings reveal that participants are strongly motivated to engage in volunteering as a form of challenge and personal growth. Participants viewed volunteering as a meaningful pathway to develop leadership capabilities, build confidence, and contribute to their communities in visible and valued ways. This reflects a shift from deficit-based narratives toward agency, capability development and aspiration, consistent with existing research on self-efficacy and meaningful work (Grant, 2008).
However, sustaining participation remains complex. A key challenge identified is the limited understanding among organisational leaders of disability-specific needs and appropriate accommodations. Participants reported that a lack of awareness, flexibility, and inclusive leadership practices often undermines their ability to continue volunteering over time. This finding aligns with previous research that found managerial attitudes and organisational practices significantly influenced inclusion, engagement, and retention outcomes for people with disabilities (Kulkarni & Lengnick-Hall, 2014). The gap between inclusive intent and practice highlights the importance of relational and organisational dynamics in shaping experiences of belonging.
Despite these challenges, the benefits of volunteering are significant and multifaceted. Participants described enhanced sense of community, belonging, and social connection, alongside a strong sense of achievement and purpose, hence reinforcing previous research indicating that meaningful roles and prosocial behaviour contribute to wellbeing, self-worth, and purpose (Thoits & Hewitt, 2001).
This paper contributes to understanding how inclusion is experienced and enacted in practice, emphasising that fostering belonging requires more than access—it demands responsive leadership, recognition of capability (rather than disability), and systemic support. By focusing on the voices of people with disabilities, the study highlights volunteering as a critical avenue for advancing inclusive participation and leadership in diverse communities.